Which term accurately describes "painful urination"?

The term that accurately describes "painful urination" is dysuria. Dysuria specifically refers to discomfort, pain, or difficulty experienced during urination. It can be an indication of various underlying conditions, such as urinary tract infections, inflammation, or irritation of the bladder or urethra.

The other terms presented do not relate to painful urination. Dyspnea refers to difficulty breathing, which is unrelated to urinary symptoms. Cholelithiasis refers to the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder and also does not pertain to the urinary system. Nephrolithiasis is the condition of having kidney stones, which may cause pain but is more closely associated with pain in the back or side rather than directly describing the act of urination itself. Thus, dysuria is the accurate term for this condition.